The Simons Observatory: Cryogenic half wave plate rotation mechanism for the small aperture telescopes.

We present the requirements, design, and evaluation of the cryogenic continuously rotating half-wave plate (CHWP) for the Simons Observatory (SO). SO is a cosmic microwave background polarization experiment at Parque Astronómico de Atacama in northern Chile that covers a wide range of angular scales using both small (⌀0.42 m) and large (⌀6 m) aperture telescopes. In particular, the small aperture telescopes (SATs) focus on large angular scales for primordial B-mode polarization. To this end, the SATs employ a CHWP to modulate the polarization of the incident light at 8 Hz, suppressing atmospheric 1/f noise and mitigating systematic uncertainties that would otherwise arise due to the differential response of detectors sensitive to orthogonal polarizations. The CHWP consists of a 505 mm diameter achromatic sapphire HWP and a cryogenic rotation mechanism, both of which are cooled down to ∼50 K to reduce detector thermal loading. Under normal operation, the HWP is suspended by a superconducting magnetic bearing and rotates with a constant 2 Hz frequency, controlled by an electromagnetic synchronous motor. We find that the number of superconductors and the number of magnets that make up the superconducting magnetic bearing are important design parameters, especially for the rotation mechanism's vibration performance. The rotation angle is detected through an angular encoder with a noise level of 0.07 µrad s. During a cooldown process, the rotor is held in place by a grip-and-release mechanism that serves as both an alignment device and a thermal path. In this paper, we provide an overview of the SO SAT CHWP: its requirements, hardware design, and laboratory performance.

User experiences of college students using mental health applications to improve self-care: Implications for improving engagement.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate themes on 'user experiences' among college students (N = 265) enrolled in an upper-division Psychopathology course who were assigned a project in which they were instructed to identify a self-care goal, choose from a list of six mental health-focused mobile applications (apps) provided by the instructor, and use the app over the course of three weeks to support progress towards their goal. Prior literature on user experiences typically evaluates user reviews, or asks participants to reflect on past app use or anticipate future use. Students reported their experiences using the app during key decision points: app selection, while using the app, and at the conclusion of the assignment. Using thematic analysis, results identified seven central themes and eight subthemes pertaining to the content of the app (e.g., app features) and the context of using the app (e.g., classroom assignment). Content-wise students liked: 1) features with a strong evidence base, namely, thought diaries and guided meditations; 2) progress tracking, because it increased awareness of mood/stressors, motivated students to see improvement, and helped them stay on track. Students appreciated having 3) crisis support resources; 4) app interfaces that allowed for customization (poor app interfaces were sometimes cited as the reason for disengagement); and 5) apps that included varied, comprehensive resources such that it felt like a one-stop shop. In addition to the content of features and design interface, the context in which mental health apps are introduced and used is important. The remaining themes related to the context in which the app was used, including 6) preparation for app usage, such as reviewing scholarly/credible sources, and 7) social support from fellow students completing the same assignment. Future research should evaluate the 'who, what, when, why, where, and how' of app utilization during key decision points, such as initial app selection or subscription renewal, to better understand the impact of user experience on engagement.

A qualitative exploration of college students' experiences using mobile apps to improve self-care during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: This project examines students' experiences using a mental health mobile application (app) as part of a class assignment developed to support student well-being. Participants: Data was collected from 265 undergraduate students enrolled in a psychology course during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Students developed a self-care goal and used an app to support progress toward it. Thematic analysis was applied to students' written reflections about their experiences using the app and practicing self-care. Results: Students reported using an app for self-care was 1) more helpful than expected for improving focus, productivity, motivation, sleep, and mental health symptoms; 2) challenging due to loss of interest, slow improvement, difficulty integrating into routine, or negative feelings triggered; and 3) influenced by the pandemic and transition to remote learning. Conclusions: A classroom assignment designed to promote self-care using a mental health app shows promise. Future research is needed to better understand engagement and impact.

Oral Health Status of New Zealand Defence Force Recruits.

INTRODUCTION: The demands of operational deployment mean that defense force personnel must be dentally fit. Although medical evacuation for dental causes should be avoided, dental emergencies are a major non-combat-related contributor to withdrawal from deployment. Information on the oral health status of recruits and officer cadets entering the New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) is scarce, yet it is useful for service and workforce planning. We investigated oral health status and its associations in new recruits and officer cadets entering the NZDF over a 13-month period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used data from recruits' initial dental examination (including baseline forensic charting), posterior bitewing radiographs, orthopantomograph radiograph, and a socio-dental questionnaire. The impaction status of third molar teeth was evaluated. Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Otago Ethics Committee (reference number D18/200) and the NZDF Organisational Research Committee. RESULTS: Of the 874 (83%) of the 1,053 recruits (age range 17-59 years) who participated, one in five were Maori. Nearly two-thirds were Army recruits. Caries prevalence was almost 70%. Mean Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) (3.0 overall) was higher among females and Maori. Few teeth were missing due to caries. Third molars were common, seen in 745 (88.3%). One in four maxillary third molars (but only one in six mandibular ones) had fully erupted. The most common type of impaction among mandibular third molars was the mesioangular type, followed by vertical, horizontal, and distoangular. Almost 60% of recruits had one or more potentially problematic third molars. The prevalence was highest in the youngest age groups, those of medium or low socioeconomic status and in Army or Navy recruits. CONCLUSIONS: Recruits' oral health was acceptable, but potentially problematic third molars were common, indicating a need for careful assessment (and their possible removal) before operational deployment.

Characteristics associated with antenatally unidentified small-for-gestational-age fetuses: prospective cohort study nested within DESiGN randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the clinical characteristics and patterns of ultrasound use amongst pregnancies with an antenatally unidentified small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetus, compared with those in which SGA is identified, to understand how to design interventions that improve antenatal SGA identification. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of singleton, non-anomalous SGA (birth weight < 10th centile) neonates born after 24 + 0 gestational weeks at 13 UK sites, recruited for the baseline period and control arm of the DESiGN trial. Pregnancy with antenatally unidentified SGA was defined if there was no scan or if the final scan showed estimated fetal weight (EFW) at the 10th centile or above. Identified SGA was defined if EFW was below the 10th centile at the last scan. Maternal and fetal sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were studied for associations with unidentified SGA using unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models. Ultrasound parameters (gestational age at first growth scan, number and frequency of ultrasound scans) were described, stratified by presence of indication for serial ultrasound. Associations of unidentified SGA with absolute centile and percentage weight difference between the last scan and birth were also studied on unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression, according to time between the last scan and birth. RESULTS: Of the 15 784 SGA babies included, SGA was not identified antenatally in 78.7% of cases. Of pregnancies with unidentified SGA, 47.1% had no recorded growth scan. Amongst 9410 pregnancies with complete data on key maternal comorbidities and antenatal complications, the risk of unidentified SGA was lower for women with any indication for serial scans (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 0.56 (95% CI, 0.49-0.64)), for Asian compared with white women (aOR, 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69-0.93)) and for those with non-cephalic presentation at birth (aOR, 0.58 (95% CI, 0.46-0.73)). The risk of unidentified SGA was highest among women with a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2 (aOR, 1.15 (95% CI, 1.01-1.32)) and lowest in those with underweight BMI (aOR, 0.61 (95% CI, 0.48-0.76)) compared to women with BMI of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 . Compared to women with identified SGA, those with unidentified SGA had fetuses of higher SGA birth-weight centile (adjusted odds for unidentified SGA increased by 1.21 (95% CI, 1.18-1.23) per one-centile increase between the 0th and 10th centiles). Duration between the last scan and birth increased with advancing gestation in pregnancies with unidentified SGA. SGA babies born within a week of the last growth scan had a mean difference between EFW and birth-weight centiles of 19.5 (SD, 13.8) centiles for the unidentified-SGA group and 0.2 (SD, 3.3) centiles for the identified-SGA group (adjusted mean difference between groups, 19.0 (95% CI, 17.8-20.1) centiles). CONCLUSIONS: Unidentified SGA was more common amongst women without an indication for serial ultrasound, and in those with cephalic presentation at birth, BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2 and less severe SGA. Ultrasound EFW was overestimated in women with unidentified SGA. This demonstrates the importance of improving the accuracy of SGA screening strategies in low-risk populations and continuing performance of ultrasound scans for term pregnancies. © 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Culturally adapted digital mental health interventions for ethnic/racial minorities: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) are typically designed as "one-size fits all" which may perpetuate health disparities for racialized minorities. This systematic review identified culturally adapted DMHIs and examined their efficacy and acceptability among racial and ethnic minorities. METHOD: PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Pubmed databases were searched between 2000 and 2021. Studies that examined the development or impact of a culturally adapted DMHI for racial or ethnic minority populations using quantitative and/or qualitative methodologies were included. Meta-analyses explored the efficacy of DMHIs, and moderator analyses were used to identify differences in effect sizes due to study quality, clinical outcomes, therapist support, and attrition. RESULTS: Thirty-two studies met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. DMHIs were deemed acceptable and feasible in most studies (n = 24). Among eligible randomized controlled studies (n = 12) comprising 653 participants, results indicated that culturally adapted DMHIs produced a large, positive, significant effect (g = 0.90) across a range of outcomes when compared to wait-list and treatment as usual control conditions. The average attrition rate per study was 42%, and most participants did not complete all modules despite reporting high satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Culturally adapted DMHIs are efficacious and acceptable. Such interventions represent a powerful opportunity to circumvent barriers to mental health treatment and improve mental health equity among racially and ethnically minoritized communities. However, the prevalence of feasibility studies, lack of active comparison treatments-and limited research for Black and Indigenous populations-indicate that more research is needed to achieve this purpose. Recommendations are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Concurrent validity of the short-form Family Impact Scale (FIS-8) in 4-year-old US children.

BACKGROUND: US data on the validity and reliability of the short-form Family Impact Scale (FIS-8; a scale for measuring the impact of a child's oral condition on his/her family) are lacking. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of data on four-year-old US children taking part in a multi-center cohort study. For child-caregiver dyads recruited at child age 12 months, the impact of the child's oral condition on the family was assessed at age 48 months using the FIS-8, with a subsample of 422 caregivers (from 686 who were approached). Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach's α, with concurrent validity assessed against a global family impact item ("How much are your family's daily lives affected by your child's teeth, lips, jaws or mouth?") and a global oral health item ("How would you describe the health of your child's teeth and mouth?"). RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha was 0.83. Although gradients in mean scores across ordinal response categories of the global family impact item were inconsistent, there were marked, consistent gradients across the ordinal categories of the global item on the child's oral health, with scores highest for those rating their child's oral health as 'Poor'. CONCLUSIONS: While the findings provide some evidence for the utility of the FIS in a US child sample, the study's replication in samples of preschoolers with greater disease experience would be useful.

Improving antenatal detection of small-for-gestational-age fetus: economic evaluation of Growth Assessment Protocol.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the Growth Assessment Protocol (GAP), as implemented in the DESiGN trial, is cost-effective in terms of antenatal detection of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonate, when compared with standard care. METHODS: This was an incremental cost-effectiveness analysis undertaken from the perspective of a UK National Health Service hospital provider. Thirteen maternity units from England, UK, were recruited to the DESiGN (DEtection of Small for GestatioNal age fetus) trial, a cluster randomized controlled trial. Singleton, non-anomalous pregnancies which delivered after 24 + 0 gestational weeks between November 2015 and February 2019 were analyzed. Probabilistic decision modeling using clinical trial data was undertaken. The main outcomes of the study were the expected incremental cost, the additional number of SGA neonates identified antenatally and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) (cost per additional SGA neonate identified) of implementing GAP. Secondary analysis focused on the ICER per infant quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. RESULTS: The expected incremental cost (including hospital care and implementation costs) of GAP over standard care was £34 559 per 1000 births, with a 68% probability that implementation of GAP would be associated with increased costs to sustain program delivery. GAP identified an additional 1.77 SGA neonates per 1000 births (55% probability of it being more clinically effective). The ICER for GAP was £19 525 per additional SGA neonate identified, with a 44% probability that GAP would both increase cost and identify more SGA neonates compared with standard care. The probability of GAP being the dominant clinical strategy was low (11%). The expected incremental cost per infant QALY gained ranged from £68 242 to £545 940, depending on assumptions regarding the QALY value of detection of SGA. CONCLUSION: The economic case for replacing standard care with GAP is weak based on the analysis reported in our study. However, this conclusion should be viewed taking into account that cost-effectiveness analyses are always limited by the assumptions made. © 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

A novel computer task to assess outcome probability bias.

This research describes the development of a novel computer task to assess outcome probability bias for social anxiety - the tendency to make unrealistically high evaluations of the probability of experiencing a negative outcome when anticipating a social encounter - that improves upon existing measures by using images and by assessing the construct at automatic and controlled levels of processing. The first study evaluated the images selected for the task and the extent to which the task elicited automatic responding, and the second study evaluated the task's reliability and validity. Across both studies, 203 college students completed the outcome probability bias computer task, standardized self-report questionnaires of outcome probability bias, outcome cost bias, depression and stress, and safety behaviors, and completed a behavioral avoidance task. The task demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency (α = 0.82 - 0.96) and significant positive correlations with a standardized measure of outcome probability bias (r = 0.33 - 0.48). With one exception, all hypotheses regarding the convergent, discriminant, construct, and criterion validity of the task were supported. Pending replication and additional evaluation, the outcome probability bias computer task may advance research on social anxiety disorder and may be adapted for use with other related disorders.

The use of trial-level bias scores to examine attention bias and attention bias variability among people with and without social anxiety disorder.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive models of anxiety propose that people with anxiety disorders show elevated levels of attention bias toward threat, but the most commonly used index of attention bias, which measures the construct with an aggregate score of multiple trials across an experimental session, shows poor test-retest reliability. Newer indices that measure attention bias dynamically on a trial-to-trial basis show good reliability and enable researchers to measure not only overall attention bias toward threat, but also attention bias variability. METHODS: The current study tested the hypothesis that people diagnosed with social anxiety disorder would show higher attention bias variability and higher attention bias toward threat when calculated dynamically and when calculated using the traditional aggregate index. Participants diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (n = 47) and controls (n = 57) completed a 160-trial version of the dot-probe task using emotional and neutral images of faces as stimuli. RESULTS: Relative to controls, participants diagnosed with social anxiety disorder showed higher mean bias toward threat, but only when calculated using trial-level bias scores. There were no differences between groups on attention bias variability. DISCUSSION: This is the first study to examine differences in attention bias and attention bias variability between people with and without social anxiety disorder using trial-level bias scores. Results suggest that attention bias, but not attention bias variability, is a feature of social anxiety psychopathology and that trial-level bias scores may be more sensitive than aggregated mean scores to detect it. These findings have implications for clinical interventions such as attention bias modification programs, which require precise measures of attention bias to accurately assess treatment outcomes.

Increasing Acceptability and Outcome Expectancy for Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background:e-Health interventions for mental health have the potential to reduce burdens on health care systems, but large survey studies find low acceptability for these interventions. The COVID-19 pandemic may make attitudes toward e-health more malleable. The current study examined whether an intervention to improve attitudes toward Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) has a greater impact during the COVID-19 pandemic than before the pandemic.Materials and Methods:Individuals (N = 662) recruited from a large university and surrounding community who participated in a study about the acceptability of iCBT in 2018 and 2019 were asked to participate in a follow-up survey. In the original study, participants were randomized to receive or not receive a rationale designed to increase acceptability of iCBT, and then they completed measures of acceptability and outcome expectancy for iCBT. Fifty-one participants enrolled in the follow-up study from May to July 2020. They received a treatment rationale for iCBT (or not) in keeping with randomization from the parent study and re-completed measures assessing the acceptability and outcome expectancy for iCBT.Results:Contrary to hypotheses, two-way analyses of covariance (ANCOVA's) demonstrated that there was no significant interaction between time point and rationale condition on acceptability or outcome expectancy for iCBT. There was a significant main effect of rationale condition on acceptability, such that participants who received a treatment rationale reported greater acceptability for iCBT. There were no significant main effects of time.Conclusions:A treatment rationale was effective in improving acceptability for iCBT in a general population sample, but not more so during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Engagement with mobile health interventions for depression: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Depressive disorders are a major public health problem, and many people face barriers to accessing evidence-based mental health treatment. Mobile health (mHealth) interventions may circumvent logistical barriers to in-person care (e.g., cost, transportation), however the symptoms of depression (low motivation, concentration difficulties) may make it difficult for people with the disorder to engage with mHealth. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review is to examine assessment and reporting of engagement in clinical trials of mHealth interventions for depression, including objective engagement (e.g., number of times program is used), subjective engagement (e.g., qualitative data on users' experiences), and associations between engagement and other clinically important variables (e.g., symptom improvement, participant characteristics). METHODS: Three electronic databases (PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed) were searched in February 2020 using search terms for mHealth and depression. Studies were included in the review if they tested a mHealth intervention designed for people with depressive disorders or elevated depression symptoms. RESULTS: Thirty studies met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Most studies reported objective engagement (N = 23, 76.7%), approximately half reported subjective engagement (N = 16, 53.3%), and relatively few examined associations between engagement and clinical improvement, participant characteristics, or other clinically relevant variables (N = 13, 43.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Although most studies in this small but rapidly growing literature report at least one measure of engagement, there is substantial heterogeneity. Intentional, theory-driven, and consistent measurement of engagement with mHealth interventions for depression may advance the field's understanding of effective engagement to facilitate clinical improvement, identify dose-response relationships, and maximize generalizability for underserved populations.

Improving Acceptability and Uptake Behavior for Internet-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy.

Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) programs have the potential to improve access to mental healthcare, but they are not viewed as acceptable nor widely utilized by the general public. This study tested whether two acceptance-facilitating interventions improved acceptability and uptake-related behavior for therapist assisted and self-guided iCBT. Participants were randomly assigned to read a treatment rationale for iCBT (vs. a brief definition) and to receive a small financial incentive (or not) for seeking more information about evidence-based iCBT programs. Participants (N = 662) were a diverse group recruited from a University participant pool and the surrounding community. Participants completed standardized measures of attitudes toward and outcome expectancy for iCBT and a single question about willingness to use it and were given the opportunity to get information about accessing evidence-based iCBT programs. A series of MANCOVAs showed small, positive effects of the treatment rationale on attitudes and outcome expectancy for both self-guided and therapist-assisted iCBT, but not for willingness to use it. A hierarchical logistic regression model found no effect of the treatment rationale or financial incentive on whether participants sought additional information about how to access iCBT, although psychopathology symptoms and identifying as White or multiracial were positively associated with information-seeking. Inconsistent with past research, participants rated therapist-assisted and self-guided iCBT as equally acceptable. Participants recruited from the community reported greater willingness to use iCBT than University students. These results underscore the urgent need for further research toward improving the acceptability and uptake of iCBT so that it may better fulfill its potential to fill the gap in unmet mental health need.

Integrating virtual realities and psychotherapy: SWOT analysis on VR and MR based treatments of anxiety and stress-related disorders.

The use of virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR) technology in clinical psychology is growing. Efficacious VR-based treatments for a variety of disorders have been developed. However, the field of technology-assisted psychotherapy is constantly changing with the advancement in technology. Factors such as interdisciplinary collaboration, consumer familiarity and adoption of VR products, and progress in clinical science all need to be taken into consideration when integrating virtual technologies into psychotherapies. We aim to present an overview of current expert opinions on the use of virtual technologies in the treatment of anxiety and stress-related disorders. An anonymous survey was distributed to a select group of researchers and clinicians, using an analytic framework known as Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT). Overall, the respondents had an optimistic outlook regarding the current use as well as future development and implementation of technology-assisted interventions. VR and MR psychotherapies offer distinct advantages that can overcome shortcomings associated with traditional therapy. The respondents acknowledged and discussed current limitations of VR and MR psychotherapies. They recommended consolidation of existing knowledge and encouraged standardisation in both theory and practice. Continued research is needed to leverage the strengths of VR and MR to develop better treatments.Abbreviations: AR: Augmented Reality; MR: Mixed Reality; RCT: Randomised Controlled Trial; SWOT: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats; VR: Virtual Reality; VR-EBT: Virtual Reality Exposure-Based Therapy.

Caregivers' Understanding of Informed Consent in a Randomized Control Trial.

There are differences in caregivers' literacy and health literacy levels that may affect their ability to consent to children participating in clinical research trials. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness, and caregivers' understandings, of the process of informed consent that accompanied their child's participation in a dental randomized control trial (RCT). Telephone interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of ten caregivers who each had a child participating in the RCT. Pre-tested closed and open-ended questions were used, and the findings were produced from an inductive analysis of the latter and a descriptive analysis of the former. Participants had limited understanding of the purpose of the RCT and rated the readability of the consent form more highly than they rated their understanding of the research. All felt that informed consent was vital, but some caregivers had not read the consent documents. Some caregivers enrolled their child in the RCT because they trusted the researchers, and the majority wanted to improve dental care for children. The informed consent process was not always effective despite high readability of the informed consent documents. Researchers must consider the health literacy of the study group, and actively engaging with caregivers to achieve meaningful informed consent may be challenging. Future research could explore participants' perspectives of informed consent in populations with low health literacy and assess whether an underlying expectation not to comprehend health-related information may be a barrier to informed consent.

A Primary Care Randomized Controlled Trial of Hall and Conventional Restorative Techniques.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate treatment outcomes of different restorative techniques undertaken by dental therapists for primary molar carious lesions in a sample of children in New Zealand primary care. METHODS: This was a randomized controlled trial with children aged 3 to 8 y in New Zealand's Whanganui region. Children meeting inclusion criteria were randomly allocated to treatment with either the Hall technique (HT), in which a stainless-steel crown (SSC) is placed without any carious tissue removal or tooth preparation, or a non-Hall conventional restorative approach (NHT), including tooth preparation with selective carious tissue removal; this included SSC, amalgam, composite, or glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations. Restorative outcomes after 12 and 24 mo were categorized as success, minor failure, or major failure. RESULTS: Of the 295 eligible children, 149 and 146 were allocated to the HT and NHT groups, respectively, with a total of 570 carious primary molars treated by 13 dental therapists. The participant follow-up rates at 12 and 24 mo were 95% and 91%. SSCs were the most commonly used restoration in the NHT group (60%), followed by GIC (28%). SSCs were the most successful restorations regardless of whether they were placed with the HT or NHT, with success rates of 89% and 92% at 12 mo and 85% and 86% at 24 mo. In the NHT group, the treatment material was a predictor of minor failure at 12 and 24 mo, with significantly more failures with GICs. CONCLUSIONS: SSCs placed by dental therapists are a highly successful restoration for the primary dentition, regardless of whether they are placed with the HT or conventionally. The high failure rate of glass ionomer restorations means that they cannot be recommended for widespread use in New Zealand primary care (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12614000844640). KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: The findings of this study can be used by policy makers and clinicians when deciding on which materials and which approach to use to maximize success and to minimize retreatment rates when providing restorative treatment for carious primary molars in children's primary oral health care. Results also suggest that undertaking research in the primary care setting may enhance translation of new knowledge and techniques into clinicians' hands.

Maximizing the impact of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders.

The impact of virtual reality on access to exposure therapy and recovery from anxiety is unrealized, but an argument can be made that this is about to change. Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders is safe, effective, and, in most cases, as effective as in vivo exposure therapy. Clinician attitudes toward virtual reality are now more positive than negative. Moderately priced virtual reality systems are commercially available. Self-guided and fully automated programs for specific fears are new, scalable, potentially game-changing developments. Future research that assesses cultural bias and external validity will position virtual reality exposure therapy to address mental health disparities, to realize its potential to increase access to effective treatment for anxiety disorders, and to improve public health.

Evaluating the reliability of attention bias and attention bias variability measures in the dot-probe task among people with social anxiety disorder.

The dot-probe task is a widely used experimental paradigm that evaluates attention biases within anxiety disorders. Considerable research has focused on improving the reliability of dot-probe scores because the task's original attention bias index has shown very low test-retest reliability. The current study serves as a replication and extension of Price et al. (2015), who systematically examined the effects of methodological choices on reliability of dot-probe task results. Fifty-six adults diagnosed with social anxiety disorder were asked to complete a facial dot-probe task twice, approximately 1 week apart. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were examined for 10 dot-probe attention bias indices across 55 sets of outlier cutoffs. Both Pearson's r and intraclass correlation coefficients were used. Trial-level bias score indices of mean bias toward threat and attention bias variability, which measure attention bias dynamically using individual pairs of trials, demonstrated the highest reliability and were less sensitive to changes in outlier cutoffs as compared with the dot probe's classic attention bias index and others. Results demonstrate the potential for post hoc outlier cutoff selection to artificially inflate reliability, particularly for unreliable indices. A priori cutoff selection is recommended for future research. Intraclass correlation coefficients are also recommended for assessment of reliability because Pearson's r does not account for poor agreement between scores. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Dental trauma experience and oral-health-related quality of life among university students.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the impact of self-reported dental trauma on oral-heath-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of young adults and determine whether personality characteristics influenced how it was reported. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out using a sample of 435 university students. A questionnaire sought data on previous dental trauma. OHRQoL was assessed using the short-form of the oral health impact profile (OHIP-14); the outcome being one or more impacts occurring 'fairly often'/'very often'. Personality was assessed using the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). RESULTS: The participation rate was 87.2%. Dental trauma experience was reported by 110 participants (25.3%), and 242 (55.6 %) indicated previous dental caries experience. Among those with dental trauma history, one or more OHIP-14 impacts was reported by 29.1% (with 21.2% among those with no history). Impact prevalence was higher among those who had previous dental caries experience (29.8%) than among those who had not (14.7%; P < 0.001). Higher PANAS negative affect scores were observed among those reporting one or more OHIP-14 impacts (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: While dental trauma does not appear to have a negative impact on OHRQoL in young adults, past dental caries experience does. Negative emotionality influences self-reported oral health.

Amygdala volume and social anxiety symptom severity: Does segmentation technique matter?

The amygdala factors prominently in neurobiological models of social anxiety (SA), yet amygdala volume findings regarding SA have been inconsistent and largely focused on case-control characterization. One source of discrepant findings could be variability in volumetric techniques. Therefore, we compared amygdala volumes derived via an automated technique (Freesurfer) against a manually corrected approach, also involving Freesurfer. Additionally, we tested whether the relationship between volume and SA symptom severity would differ across volumetric techniques. We pooled participants (n = 76) from archival studies. SA severity was assessed with the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale; scores ranged from non-clinical to clinical levels. Freesurfer produced significantly larger amygdalar volumes for participants with poor image quality. Even after excluding such participants, paired sample t-tests showed Freesurfer's boundaries produced significantly larger amygdalar volumes than manually corrected ones, bilaterally. Yet, intra-class correlation coefficients between the two methods were high, which suggests that Freesurfer's over-estimation of amygdala volume was systemic. Regardless of segmentation technique, volumes were not associated with SA symptom severity. Potentially, amygdala sub-regions may yield clearer patterns regarding SA symptoms. Further, our study underscores the importance of image quality for segmentation of the amygdala, and image quality may be particularly valuable when examining anatomical data for subtle inter-individual differences.